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All 30 Flashcards — Managing urban air pollution
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Question
What does a catalytic converter do?
Answer
It converts CO, NOx, and hydrocarbons in petrol car exhaust into less harmful gases.
💡 Hint
Cleaner exhaust
Question
What is an emission standard?
Answer
A regulation setting legal limits on pollutants emitted by vehicles or industries.
💡 Hint
Legal limit
Question
Name one technology solution and one policy solution for air pollution.
Answer
Technology: catalytic converters/scrubbers. Policy: emission standards/LEZs/congestion charging.
💡 Hint
Tech + policy
Question
What does a catalytic converter do?
Answer
It converts CO, NOx, and hydrocarbons in petrol car exhaust into less harmful gases.
💡 Hint
Cleaner exhaust
Question
What is an emission standard?
Answer
A regulation setting legal limits on pollutants emitted by vehicles or industries.
💡 Hint
Legal limit
Question
Name one technology solution and one policy solution for air pollution.
Answer
Technology: catalytic converters/scrubbers. Policy: emission standards/LEZs/congestion charging.
💡 Hint
Tech + policy
Question
What is a low emission zone (LEZ)?
Answer
An area where high-emitting vehicles are restricted or charged to reduce pollution.
💡 Hint
Restrict dirty vehicles
Question
What are two common economic instruments used to reduce emissions?
Answer
Congestion charges and pollution taxes (also subsidies and scrappage schemes).
💡 Hint
Use prices
Question
What is a particulate filter used for?
Answer
To trap soot/particulates from diesel exhaust, reducing PM emissions.
💡 Hint
Trap soot
Question
What are two common economic instruments used to reduce emissions?
Answer
Congestion charges and pollution taxes (also subsidies and scrappage schemes).
💡 Hint
Use prices
Question
What is a particulate filter used for?
Answer
To trap soot/particulates from diesel exhaust, reducing PM emissions.
💡 Hint
Trap soot
Question
What is a low emission zone (LEZ)?
Answer
An area where high-emitting vehicles are restricted or charged to reduce pollution.
💡 Hint
Restrict dirty vehicles
Question
How do scrubbers reduce air pollution from power plants?
Answer
They remove SO2 (and sometimes particulates) from flue gases before release.
💡 Hint
Remove SO2
Question
How can congestion charging reduce air pollution?
Answer
It reduces traffic volume by making driving in busy zones more expensive, lowering emissions and improving air quality.
💡 Hint
Price reduces traffic
Question
How do scrubbers reduce air pollution from power plants?
Answer
They remove SO2 (and sometimes particulates) from flue gases before release.
💡 Hint
Remove SO2
Question
List three evaluation criteria for pollution management strategies.
Answer
Effectiveness, cost, and equity (also feasibility and co-benefits/trade-offs).
💡 Hint
Effectiveness + cost + fairness
Question
How can congestion charging reduce air pollution?
Answer
It reduces traffic volume by making driving in busy zones more expensive, lowering emissions and improving air quality.
💡 Hint
Price reduces traffic
Question
List three evaluation criteria for pollution management strategies.
Answer
Effectiveness, cost, and equity (also feasibility and co-benefits/trade-offs).
💡 Hint
Effectiveness + cost + fairness
Question
Why do EVs not automatically mean zero overall pollution?
Answer
They have zero tailpipe emissions, but total impact depends on how electricity is generated and on manufacturing impacts.
💡 Hint
Electricity mix matters
Question
Give two behavioural/planning approaches that reduce emissions.
Answer
Public transport investment and safe cycling/walking infrastructure (also mixed-use planning and remote work).
💡 Hint
Shift travel behaviour
Question
Why is “equity” important for measures like congestion charging?
Answer
Charges can disproportionately affect lower-income groups unless alternatives (public transport) and exemptions are provided.
💡 Hint
Who bears the cost?
Question
Why is “equity” important for measures like congestion charging?
Answer
Charges can disproportionately affect lower-income groups unless alternatives (public transport) and exemptions are provided.
💡 Hint
Who bears the cost?
Question
Give two behavioural/planning approaches that reduce emissions.
Answer
Public transport investment and safe cycling/walking infrastructure (also mixed-use planning and remote work).
💡 Hint
Shift travel behaviour
Question
Why do EVs not automatically mean zero overall pollution?
Answer
They have zero tailpipe emissions, but total impact depends on how electricity is generated and on manufacturing impacts.
💡 Hint
Electricity mix matters
Question
EVS link: Which worldview often prefers behaviour change over tech fixes?
Answer
Ecocentric (often prioritises demand reduction and lifestyle change), while technocentric often prefers technology solutions.
💡 Hint
Ecocentric vs technocentric
Question
Essay tip: What is the best structure for evaluating urban air pollution management?
Answer
Compare multiple strategies (tech, regulation, economic, behaviour), evaluate with criteria and EVSs, then conclude with a justified judgement.
💡 Hint
Compare → evaluate → conclude
Question
EVS link: Which worldview often prefers behaviour change over tech fixes?
Answer
Ecocentric (often prioritises demand reduction and lifestyle change), while technocentric often prefers technology solutions.
💡 Hint
Ecocentric vs technocentric
Question
Essay tip: What is the best structure for evaluating urban air pollution management?
Answer
Compare multiple strategies (tech, regulation, economic, behaviour), evaluate with criteria and EVSs, then conclude with a justified judgement.
💡 Hint
Compare → evaluate → conclude
Question
Evaluation tip: What are common limitations of tech solutions?
Answer
Cost, maintenance/enforcement, unequal access, and addressing symptoms rather than reducing demand.
💡 Hint
Cost + equity + demand
Question
Evaluation tip: What are common limitations of tech solutions?
Answer
Cost, maintenance/enforcement, unequal access, and addressing symptoms rather than reducing demand.
💡 Hint
Cost + equity + demand
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Full study notes for Managing urban air pollution
Topic 8.3 hub
Urban air pollution
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